Thanks for the response and interesting thoughts!
Exactly, the walls are bricked. Plastered with lime mortar I would guess. I've never done any brickwork so wood and netting certainly sounds easier. On the other hand, it feels more "authentic" with brickwork.
I've also thought about cladding with raw planks between the beams, but since the planks looked quite nice and also have a bit of a beautiful patina, it would be nice to have them visible and just whitewash or something similar.
I was planning to wait with the upper floor but possibly it might be an idea to go up and dig out the trossbotten from above (windproof paper, sand, lime) and then insulate with linen wool. It's just a very dusty job with many bags that need to come down.
What do you think about notching the gaps in the ceiling from underneath and then sanding? Shouldn't it hold tight?