We are talking about standing load-bearing studs for the exterior wall in an Attefall house?
Common studs are usually made of spruce, as are façade boards. All pressure-treated wood is pine, as it doesn't work with spruce. I believe that moldings are also usually pine.
I was also strongly considering spruce but was unsure.
It doesn't specifically have to be varnish; when you cut down the spruce and make a timber beam, do you do anything else to it like varnishing for better durability?
For the beam I had, it was class C24. Why is it C24 and not C14, is it a better tree or have they done something else after shaping the beam?
The surfaces on the inside are chosen largely based on personal preference.
If you want it "light and fresh" you choose plaster to be painted.
But wood paneling can provide a more lively, interesting surface and then you choose something like this:
In terms of strength, no distinction is made between pine or spruce.
C24 is a higher strength class than C14, meaning the same dimension of timber can handle slightly higher loads in C24 compared to C14.
Varnish has nothing to do with strength. It is a surface treatment done for aesthetic reasons, if one likes it. (Sometimes one might varnish/paint end grain to reduce the risk of cracking over time or absorbing water (bottom edge of facade boards), but that's advanced, and never done on wall studs.)
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