I am going to build an outhouse with a shed roof from the existing gable. Everything will otherwise stand on the same concrete slab, so I assume the movement in the foundation is 0.

The question is how I should attach the roof beams to the wall? If I mount a 45x??? beam for the ends to rest against, and notch it out, it doesn't feel very stable

Illustration of a wall with slanted beams attached, showing a conceptual design for fixing roof rafters to the wall.
 
What type of gable wall do you have, and how large should the roof be?

I see two easy ways.
A 45*90 attached to the gable wall.
Small notching on the roof beams, and nail plates. Just like your picture.
http://www.gunnebofastening.com/sv-SE/Fastening/Produkter/Byggbeslag/Takasfaste/Takasfaste/

Alternatively, a 45*175 against the gable, roof beams beveled to fit against the 45*175, and thicker nail plates, one on each side.
http://www.gunnebofastening.com/sv-SE/Fastening/Produkter/Byggbeslag/Vinkelbeslag/Spikplatsvinkel/
 
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It is a log wall
The roof will be 4.2m wide towards the gable
 
How far out from the wall? Thinking about the snow load and the dead weight.
 
240 out from wall
Planning to install 220 ceiling beams cc60
 
And as a ceiling 120 or cc 60 which is connected to the rafters...
 
Sounds sensible, moderately oversized :)
Unplug them and place them on a 45*70 or 45*90 which is screwed into the log wall and attach nail plates on each side.
 
Hehe yes oversize I like I was actually thinking of slapping double 170s against the wall for a solid shelf for the rules but... I give up... I guess it wouldn't hurt to place a beam outside the fastening against the wall pressed against the roof trusses.
 
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