is it possible to calculate what a homemade concrete column can withstand in load compared to an equivalent steel column?

The concrete column is 150mm * 120mm and 2.5m high.
Cast with regular coarse concrete with 2 pieces of 12mm rebar in it.
 
Sure you can. Not my department though. My reflection is that you probably need more reinforcement than two sticks anyway.
 
When designing columns, regardless of the material, one should have a load to start from, as the column's capacity is limited by its height. It's difficult to compare steel and reinforced concrete in this regard, as concrete's properties are influenced by the amount and placement of reinforcement. The difference in concrete quality can also be significant. One shouldn't account for major differences in surface area needs (not cross-sectional area). Generally, a concrete column (like most columns) should have a square cross-section. A reinforced concrete column should also not be smaller than 20x20 cm. A concrete column should have longitudinal reinforcement in all corners and stirrup reinforcement that holds the longitudinal steels together.
 
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