With the risk of using slightly incorrect terms:

How do you calculate the shear load, considering how far an object protrudes and how high it is?

An example to illustrate:
A shelf is 80 cm high and 20 cm deep. Two mounting points at the top of the shelf. On the shelf, I place an object weighing 10 kg. What will the load be on each mounting point?

Can someone describe how this is calculated?
 
You can see it as a lever arm hinged at the bottom edge of the shelf. If the object is positioned in the middle of the shelf, its center of gravity is 0.1 m from the wall. The torque around the bottom edge of the shelf against the wall will be m * g * L. m = 10 kg. g = 9.81 m/s². L = 0.1 m. 10 * 9.81 * 0.1 = 9.81 Nm. The pull out from the wall at the attachment points then becomes the torque divided by the shelf's height. 9.81 Nm / 0.8 m = 12.3 N distributed over the two attachments. Strictly speaking, the shelf's own weight must also be taken into account.
 
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