Finger joint and butt joint, what are they?
 
When making a finger joint, "teeth" are routed out of both ends of the pieces to be joined. These fit together perfectly. You glue them and the joint becomes as strong as the rest of the material. If you look at, for example, a glulam beam, you can see finger joints. Making a finger joint requires industrial equipment. It's not something a home hobbyist can handle. A butt joint is when you join straight ends edge-to-edge. This joint is not nearly as strong, so it usually needs to be placed where there is some support.
 
There is some interesting information about joints here. Unfortunately, it is in English, but stumskarv I understand is butt joint.

Which fingerskarv is, I am more unsure, but it should be dove tail joints (or a variant of it).
 
Not quite!
Dove tail joints are meant for angle joints, like in drawer corners.
They were often used in the past for kitchen drawers. It's also called Laxstjärt.

A fingerskarv is called a "tapered finger splice joint" in English.
 
Thank you very much! I am familiar with overlapping joints, but are there any other methods of joining?
 
There are lots. I have (somewhere) a book that is solely about different ways to join wood.
 
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